政府干预、基础设施与绿色全要素生产率——来自黄河流域的经验证据

基于超效率SBM方向性距离函数以及ML生产率指数,测算黄河流域64个城市2004—2018年的绿色全要素生产率,并实证考察政府干预、基础设施对绿色全要素生产率的影响。研究表明,政府干预显著促进黄河流域绿色全要素生产率的提升,而基础设施对政府干预与绿色全要素生产率的关系产生重要影响,且具有显著门限效应,良好的基础设施是政府提升区域绿色发展效率的有利条件。     

寻计残疾人家庭脱贫与小康建设———基于中残联抽样调查数据的实证研究

文章借助世界银行的家庭贫困脆弱性定义和家庭消费理论,使用2007-2012年残疾人联合会抽样调查数据,对7266个家庭户混合横截面数据进行了消费模型估计和贫困脆弱性计算,并对2010年国务院“两个建设”政策进行了效果评价。研究发现,该项政策实施后,残疾人家庭贫困脆弱性整体上明显降低。智力残疾、教育水平低、生活在西部地区以及农村的残疾人所在家庭贫困脆弱性较高,这种特性决定了政府在制定和贯彻残疾人扶持政策过程中应分类规划、区别对待。     

Food commodity price changes and consumer welfare in Bangladesh: Valuable lessons for today

The recent rise in global food prices threatens many countries worldwide, especially the vulnerable populations. Viable coping strategies can only be designed based on the important policy lessons learned from the experiences of these countries in confronting the similar shocks of 2007–2011. However, the disproportionate effects of these events and the impacts of policy responses remain largely unexplored. We examine the impact of a food price surge and the effectiveness of various mitigating policies in Bangladesh, one of the most populous, densely populated countries in the world that is plagued by poverty. Specifically, we combine individual-level expenditure survey data with recent advances in consumer theory to examine the welfare consequences across income groups and geographic areas of the country over 2000–2016. Our empirical findings lend support to the hypothesis that the brunt of the price surge was borne by relatively less affluent and rural households, and government poverty alleviation programmes were largely ineffective.     

Tourism as a Tool for Poverty Alleviation: A Critical Analysis of ‘Pro-Poor Tourism’ and Implications for Sustainability

Forecasts of high tourism growth in developing nations, where widespread poverty exists, has led to considerable interest in tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation. Powerful bureaucratic and business alliances have been forged to expand this programme. International development agencies are also turning to tourism as a way of alleviating poverty. This is sometimes termed ‘pro-poor tourism’ (PPT). Distinguished from other forms of ‘alternative tourisms’ such as ecotourism and community-based tourism, the stakeholders involved in this enterprise are no less divided. Ideological divisions manifest themselves in the political struggle over how tourism in developing countries should unfold. This paper identifies the different sustainability positions of prominent pro-poor tourism stakeholders and considers the implications for meeting pro-poor and sustainability objectives. Generally, tourism is too often regarded a panacea without an attendant recognition that, like any other industrial activity, tourism is highly political. As a global industry, tourism operates within a neo-liberal market economy which presents severe challenges to meeting pro-poor and sustainable development objectives. This paper therefore recommends a fundamental re-evaluation of tourism's pro-poor potential in the absence of significant commitment to directly address structural inequities which exacerbate poverty and constrain pro-poor attempts.     

Growth Versus Equity: The Continuum of Pro-Poor Tourism and Neoliberal Governance

This paper proposes a model which integrates tourism in a continuum of poverty alleviation strategies within the antipodes of neo-liberalism and protectionism. It is argued that despite growing evidence in favour of regulative and (re)distributive approaches that in practice come closer to protectionism than neoliberalism, the most influential international organisations, as well as governments worldwide, follow a largely neoliberal laissez-faire approach to poverty alleviation coupled with market-friendly ‘pro-poor’ supplements. This paper argues that tourism per se fits very well into neoliberal interpretations of poverty alleviation, while it tends to aggravate poverty-enhancing inequalities if allowed to operate in a free market environment. Drawing on evidence from current research into poverty alleviation, it is argued that in order to be pro-poor, growth must deliver disproportionate benefits to the poor to reduce inequalities which have been found to limit the potential for poverty alleviation. Hence, it is necessary to shift policy focus from growth to equity, which calls for strong institutions capable of regulating the tourism industry and distributing assets in order to facilitate ‘pro-poor growth’. In this respect, this paper challenges the conventional pro-poor tourism approach with its implicit growth-bias, where strategies are judged as pro-poor if they deliver net benefits to ‘the poor’ even if ‘the rich’ benefit disproportionately. However, through a contextualisation with the reality of politico-economic governance, this paper shows that strategies enhancing equity through shifting benefits towards the poor and, importantly, the poorest, are unlikely to be pursued in practice given policy-makers' neoliberal bias and systemic constraints. Hence, only strategies that are largely in sync with a neoliberal ideology and the ‘World Bank orthodoxy’, such as industry self-regulation or government incentives, have much potential to be implemented on a large-scale basis. More radical approaches such as pro-poor regulation and distribution – the equity side of the continuum – are bound to remain predominantly rhetoric of some United Nations organisations.     

关注城市生态贫困走出城市生态治理的误区

我国城市普遍生态贫困,不同类型、不同发展阶段的城市生态问题其导致原因不同,但相当比重的城市生态治理走人了注重表面、短期成效的误区,需要从观念、经济机制、产业安排、规划建设、市民意识行为等方面综合、持续推进城市生态治理工作。     

政府补贴下考虑销售努力的绿色供应链决策研究

在政府给予绿色补贴的情况下,考虑企业销售努力对绿色供应链决策的影响.以一个制造商和零售商构成的二级绿色供应链为研究对象,建立制造商主导和零售商主导的不同权力结构下的绿色供应链决策模型.通过对比分析不同模型决策,进一步采取算例分析进行验证,为企业实施绿色供应链管理提出相关建议.研究结果表明:政府绿色度补贴系数改变了产品绿色度、批发价格、销售努力、零售商利润、制造商利润以及供应链总体的利润;销售努力的投入会影响产品的批发价格以及零售商利润;无论是否考虑销售努力,集中决策下,供应链的效率总是大于分散决策下的效率;零售商主导的分散决策下,供应链效率高于制造商主导时的供应链的效率.     

基于绿色供应链的供应商绿色评价研究

随着产业环境的变化,绿色供应链在企业的长期发展中起着越来越重要的作用。作者从绿色供应链与传统供应链的区别出发,分析了供应商的评价指标体系的构建。为避免传统分析方法的弊端并使定性与定量评价有效结合,接着引入Fuzzy-AHP方法作为评价供应商的技术手段。最后将绿色指标体系与模糊综合层次分析法结合,为绿色供应链上的供应商评价提供了一种有效可行的评估方法。     

“低碳经济”背景下企业实施绿色供应链管理探讨

介绍了低碳经济这个大的背景,阐述了绿色供应链的概念与目标,以及绿色供应链管理的基本内容,最后就低碳经济背景下企业应该如何实施绿色供应链管理提出了几个方面的建议。     

企业绿色物流的实施动力与措施探讨

根据低碳经济亟待发展的新形势要求,提出了低碳经济下绿色物流新的内涵。并从企业的角度出发,进行了企业实施绿色物流的动因分析。在此基础上,提出了开展共同配送、发展甩挂运输以及多式联运等措施,旨在为企业发展绿色物流提供参考。